Software Engineering 2 marks

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

TWO MARKS

 UNIT I          SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROCESS

1. What is software engineering?

                    Software engineering is a discipline in which theories, methods and tools            are applied to develop professional software.

2. What is Software?

                           Software is nothing but a collection of computer programs that are related documents that are indented to provide desired features, functionalities and better performance. 

3. What are the characteristics of the software?

               * Software is engineered, not manufactured.

                           * Software does not wear out.

               * Most software is custom built rather than being assembled from components.

 4. What are the various categories of software?

                          * System software

              * Application software

                          * Engineering/Scientific software

              * Embedded software

                          

  5. What are the challenges in software?

               * Copying with legacy systems.

                           * Heterogeneity challenge

               * Delivery times challenge.

  

   6. Define software process.

                            Software process is defined as the structured set of activities that are required to develop the software system.

   7. What are the fundamental activities of a software process?

                    * Specification

                                * Design and implementation

                    * Validation

                                * Evolution

   8. What are the umbrella activities of a software process?

                     * Software project tracking and control.

                     * Risk management.

                     * Software Quality Assurance.

                     * Formal Technical Reviews.

                     * Software Configuration Management.

                     * Work product preparation and production.

                     * Reusability management.

                     * Measurement.

9. What are the merits of incremental model?

i) The incremental model can be adopted when there is less number of people involved in the project.

ii) Technical risks can be managed with each increment.

iii) For a very small time span, at least core product can be delivered to the customer.

10. List the task regions in the Spiral model.

* Customer communication - it is suggested to establish customer communication.

* Planning – All planning activities are carried out

* Risk analysis – The tasks required to calculate technical and management risks.

* Engineering – tasks required to build one or more representations of applications

 * Construct and release – tasks required to construct, test, install the applications

 * Customer evaluation - tasks are performed and implemented at installation stage based on the customer evaluation.

11. What are the drawbacks of spiral model?

i) It is based on customer communication. If the communication is not proper then the software product that gets developed will not be the up to the mark.

ii) It demands considerable risk assessment. If the risk assessment is done properly then only the successful product can be obtained.

12. What is System Engineering?

System Engineering means designing, implementing, deploying and operating systems which include hardware, software and people.

13. List the process maturity levels in SEIs CMM.

            Level 1: Initial - Few processes are defined and individual efforts are taken.

Level 2: Repeatable – To track cost schedule and functionality basic project   management processes are established.

Level 3:  Defined – The process is standardized, documented and followed.

Level 4: Managed – Both the software process and product are quantitatively understood and controlled using detailed measures.

Level 5: Optimizing – Establish mechanisms to plan and implement change. 

14. What is an effector  process?

The effector process is a process that verifies itself. The effector  process exists in certain criteria.

15. Define the computer based system.

The computer based system can be defined as “a set or an arrangement of elements that are organized to accomplish some predefined goal by processing   information”.

16. What does Verification represent?

Verification represents the set of activities that are carried out to confirm that the software correctly implements the specific functionality.

17.  What does Validation represent?

Validation represents the set of activities that ensure that the software that               has been built is satisfying the customer requirements.

18. What are the steps followed in testing?

1) Unit testing - The individual components are tested in this type of testing.

2) Module testing – Related collection of independent components are tested.

            3) Sub-system testing –Various modules are integrated into a subsystem and the whole subsystem is tested.

            4) System testing – The whole system is tested in this system.

            5) Acceptance testing – This type of testing involves testing of the system with customer data.

19. What is the use of CMM?

Capability Maturity Model is used in assessing how well an organization’s               processes allow to complete and manage new software projects.

20. Name the Evolutionary process Models.

i. Incremental model

            ii. Spiral model

iii. WIN-WIN spiral model

iv. Concurrent Development

21. What is meant by Software engineering paradigm?

                        The development strategy that encompasses the process, methods and tools and generic phases is often referred to as a process model or software engineering paradigm.

22. What are the various elements for computer based system?

1. Software                 2. Hardware

3. People                     4. Database

5. Documentation       5. Procedures.

23. Define dynamic verification?

                        Dynamic verification is performed during the execution of software and dynamically checks its behavior.

           

24. Define static verification?

                        Static verification is a process to check some requirements of software doing a physical inspection of it. Example: software metric calculation.

UNIT – II       SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS        

1. What is requirement engineering?

Requirement engineering is the process of establishing the services that the customer requires from the system and the constraints under which it operates   and is developed.

2. What are the various types of traceability in software engineering?

i. Source traceability – These are basically the links from requirement to stakeholders

ii. Requirements traceability – These are links between dependant requirements.

            iii. Design traceability – These are links from requirements to design.

3. Define software prototyping.

Software prototyping is defined as a rapid software development for              validating the requirements.

4. What are the benefits of prototyping?

i. Prototype serves as a basis for deriving system specification.                                             ii. Design quality can be improved.                                                                                 iii. System can be maintained easily.                                                                                      iv. Development efforts may get reduced.

v. System usability can be improved.

5. What are the prototyping approaches in software process?

i. Evolutionary prototyping – the initial prototype is prepared and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage.

            ii. Throw-away prototyping – a rough practical implementation of the system is produced. The requirement problems can be identified from this implementation.

6. What are the advantages of evolutionary prototyping?

i. Fast delivery of the working system.                                                                                   ii. User is involved while developing the system.                                                           iii. More useful system can be delivered.                                                                    iv. Specification, design and implementation work in co-ordinate manner.

7. What are the various Rapid prototyping techniques?

i. Dynamic high level language development.                                                            ii. Database programming.                                                                                      iii. Component and application assembly.

8. What is the use of User Interface prototyping?

This prototyping is used to pre-specify the look and feel of user interface               in an effective way.

                     

9. What are the characteristics of SRS?

 i. Correct – The SRS should be made up to date when appropriate requirements are identified.

 ii. Unambiguous – When the requirements are correctly understood then only it is possible to write an unambiguous software.

 iii. Complete – To make SRS complete, it should be specified what a software designer wants to create software.

 iv. Consistent – It should be consistent with reference to the functionalities identified.

             v. Specific – The requirements should be mentioned specifically.

 vi. Traceable – What is the need for mentioned requirement?

10. What is data modeling?

Data modeling is the basic step in the analysis modeling. In data modeling the data objects are examined independently of processing. The data model            represents how data are related with one another.

11. What is a data object?

Data object is a collection of attributes that act as an aspect, characteristic,               quality, or descriptor of the object.

12. What are attributes?

Attributes are the one, which defines the properties of data object.

13. What is cardinality in data modeling?

Cardinality in data modeling, cardinality specifies how the number of               occurrences of one object is related to the number of occurrences of another               object.

14. What does modality in data modeling indicates?

Modality indicates whether or not a particular data object must participate               in the relationship.

15. What is ERD?

Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation of the object              relationship pair. It is mainly used in database applications.

16. What is DFD?

Data Flow Diagram depicts the information flow and the transforms that are applied on the data as it moves from input to output.

17. What does Level0 DFD represent?

Level 0 DFD is called as ‘fundamental system model’ or ‘context model’. In the context model the entire software system is represented by a single bubble with input and output indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows.

18. What is a state transition diagram?

State transition diagram is basically a collection of states and events. The events cause the system to change its state. It also represents what actions are to   be taken on the occurrence of particular event.

 19. Define Data Dictionary.

The data dictionary can be defined as an organized collection of all the data elements of the system with precise and rigorous definitions so that user and system analyst will have a common understanding of inputs, outputs, components of stores and intermediate calculations.

 20. What are the elements of Analysis model?

i. Data Dictionary

ii. Entity Relationship Diagram

iii. Data Flow Diagram

iv. State Transition Diagram

v. Control Specification

vi. Process specification.

21. What are functional requirements?

                        Functional requirements are” statements of services the system should provide how the system should react to particular input and how the system should behave in particular situation.

22. What are non functional requirements?

                        Non functional requirements are constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc……..

23. What is the outcome of feasibility study?

                        The outcome of feasibility study is the results obtained from the following questions:

·         Which system contributes to organizational objectives?

·          Whether the system can be engineered? Is it within the budget?

·         Whether the system can be integrated with other existing system?

24. What is meant by structural analysis?

                         The structural analysis is mapping of problem domain to flows and transformations. The system can be modeled by using Entity Relationship diagram, Data flow diagram and Control flow diagrams.

                       

UNIT – III         ANALYSIS, DESIGN CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

1. What are the elements of design model?

i. Data design                                                                                                  ii. Architectural design                                                                                      iii. Interface design                                                                                         iv. Component-level design

2. Define design process.

Design process is a sequence of steps carried through which the requirements are translated into a system or software model.

3. List the principles of a software design.

i. The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision”

ii. The design should be traceable to the analysis model.

iii. The design should exhibit uniformity and integration.

iv. Design is not coding.

v. The design should not reinvent the wheel.

4. What is the benefit of modular design?

Changes made during testing and maintenance becomes manageable and they do not affect other modules.

5. What is a cohesive module?

A cohesive module performs only “one task” in software procedure with little interaction with other modules. In other words cohesive module performs only one thing.

6. What are the different types of Cohesion?

i. Coincidentally cohesive - The modules in which the set I\of tasks are related with each other loosely.

 ii. Logically cohesive – A module that performs the tasks that are logically related with each other.

 iii. Temporal cohesion – The module in which the tasks need to be executed in some specific time span.

 iv. Procedural cohesion – When processing elements of a module are related with one another and must be executed in some specific order.

                        v. Communicational cohesion – When the processing elements of a module share the data then such module is called communicational cohesive.

7. What is coupling?

Coupling is the measure of interconnection among modules in a program structure. It depends on the interface complexity between modules. 

8. What are the various types of coupling?

i. Data coupling – The data coupling is possible by parameter passing or data interaction.

                        ii. Control coupling – The modules share related control data in control coupling.

iii. Common coupling – The common data or a global data is shared among modules.

                        iv. Content coupling – Content coupling occurs when one module makes use of data or control information maintained in another module.

9. What are the common activities in design process?

i. System structuring – The system is subdivided into principle subsystems components and communications between these subsystems are identified.

ii. Control modeling – A model of control relationships between different parts of the system is established.

iii. Modular decomposition – The identified subsystems are decomposed into modules.

 10. What are the benefits of horizontal partitioning?

i. Software that is easy to test.

ii. Software that is easier to maintain.

iii. Propagation of fewer side effects.

iv. Software that is easier to extend.

11. What is vertical partitioning?

Vertical partitioning often called factoring suggests that the control and work should be distributed top-down in program structure.

12. What are the advantages of vertical partitioning?

i. These are easy to maintain changes.

ii. They reduce the change impact and error propagation.

13. What are the various elements of data design?

i. Data object – The data objects are identified and relationship among various data objects can be represented using ERD or data dictionaries.

            ii. Databases – Using software design model, the data models are translated into data structures and data bases at the application level.

            iii. Data warehouses – At the business level useful information is identified from various databases and the data warehouses are created.

14. List the guidelines for data design.

i. Apply systematic analysis on data.

ii. Identify data structures and related operations.

iii. Establish data dictionary.

iv. Use information hiding in the design of data structure.

v. Apply a library of useful data structures and operations.

15. Name the commonly used architectural styles.

i. Data centered architecture.

ii. Data flow architecture.

iii. Call and return architecture.

iv. Object-oriented architecture.

v. Layered architecture.

16. What is Transform mapping?

            The transform mapping is a set of design steps applied on the DFD in order to map the transformed flow characteristics into specific architectural style.

17. What is a Real time system?

Real time system is a software system in which the correct functionalities  of the system are dependent upon results produced by the system and the time at which these results are produced.

18. What are the objectives of Analysis modeling?

i. To describe what the customer requires.                                                     

ii. To establish a basis for the creation of software design.                                        iii. To devise a set of valid requirements after which the software can be built.

19. What is an Architectural design?

            The architectural design defines the relationship between major structural elements of the software, the “design patterns” that can be used to achieve the requirements that have been defined for the system.

20. What is data design?

            The data design transforms the information domain model created during analysis into the data structures that will be required to implement the software.

           

21. What is interface design?

            The interface design describes how the software communicates within itself, with systems that interoperate with it, and with humans who use it.

22. What is component level design?

            The component level design transforms structural elements of the software architecture into a procedural description of software components.

23. What is software design?

            Software design is an iterative process through which the requirements are translated into a “blueprint” for constructing the software.

24. What is user interface design?

            User interface design creates an effective communication medium between a human and a computer.

25. What is system design?

            System design process involves deciding which system capabilities are to be implemented in software and which in hardware.

           

26. What are data acquisition systems?

            Systems that collect data from sensors for subsequent processing and analysis are termed as data acquisition systems. Data collection processes and processing processes may have different periods and deadlines.        

           

UNIT – IV            TESTING

1. Define software testing?

            Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review of specification, design, and coding.

2. What are the objectives of testing?

i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding an error.

ii. A good test case is one that has high probability of finding an undiscovered error.

iii. A successful test is one that uncovers as an-yet undiscovered error.

3. What are the testing principles the software engineer must apply while performing the software testing?

i. All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.

ii. Tests should be planned long before testing begins.

iii. The pareto principle can be applied to software testing-80% of all errors uncovered during testing will likely be traceable to 20% of all program modules.

iv. Testing should begin “in the small” and progress toward testing “in the large”. v. Exhaustive testing is not possible.

vi. To be most effective, an independent third party should conduct testing.

4. What are the two levels of testing?

i. Component testing - Individual components are tested. Tests are derived from developer’s experience.

ii. System Testing - The group of components are integrated to create a system or sub-system is done. These tests are based on the system specification.

5. What are the various testing activities?

i. Test planning

ii. Test case design

iii. Test execution

iv. Data collection

v. Effective evaluation

6. Write short note on black box testing.

The black box testing is also called as behavioral testing. This method                                                                                                                       

fully focus on the functional requirements of the software. Tests are derived that fully exercise all functional requirements.

7. What is equivalence partitioning?

Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique that divides the input domain into classes of data. From this data test cases can be derived. Equivalence class represents a set of valid or invalid states for input conditions. 

 

8. What is a boundary value analysis?

A boundary value analysis is a testing technique in which the elements at the edge of the domain are selected and tested. It is a test case design technique that complements equivalence partitioning technique.

9. What are the reasons behind to perform white box testing?

There are three main reasons behind performing the white box testing.

1. Programmers may have some incorrect assumptions while designing or implementing some functions.

 2. Certain assumptions on flow of control and data may lead programmer to make design errors. To uncover the errors on logical path, white box testing is must.

3. There may be certain typographical errors that remain undetected even after syntax and type checking mechanisms. Such errors can be uncovered during white box testing.

10. What is cyclomatic complexity?

Cyclomatic complexity is software metric that gives the quantitative                                                                                                                                                                                    

Measure of logical complexity of the program.

                       

11. How to compute the cyclomatic complexity?

The cyclomatic complexity can be computed by any one of the following ways.     1. The numbers of regions of the flow graph correspond to the cyclomatic complexity.

            2. Cyclomatic complexity (G), for the flow graph G, is defined as: V(G)=E-N+2, E -- number of flow graph edges, N -- number of flow graph nodes

            3. V(G) = P+1 Where P is the number of predicate nodes contained in the flow graph.

12. Distinguish between verification and validation.

Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function.

Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to the customer requirements.

13. What are the various testing strategies for conventional software?

i. Unit testing

ii. Integration testing.

iii. Validation testing.

iv. System testing.

14. Write about drivers and stubs.

Drivers and stub software need to be developed to test incompatible software.

The “driver” is a program that accepts the test data and prints the relevant results.

The “stub” is a subprogram that uses the module interfaces and performs the minimal data manipulation if required.

15. What are the approaches of integration testing?

The integration testing can be carried out using two approaches.

1. The non-incremental testing.

2. Incremental testing.

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of big-bang?

Advantage:

This approach is simple.

Disadvantages:

It is hard to debug.

It is not easy to isolate errors while testing.

In this approach it is not easy to validate test results.

                       

17. What are the benefits of smoke testing?

* Integration risk is minimized.

* The quality of the end-product is improved.

* Error diagnosis and correction are simplified.

* Assessment of program is easy.

18. What are the conditions exists after performing validation testing?

* The function or performance characteristics are according to the specifications and are accepted.

* The requirement specifications are derived and the deficiency list is created.

19. Distinguish between alpha and beta testing

Alpha and beta testing are the types of acceptance testing.

            Alpha test : The alpha testing is attesting in which the version of complete software is tested by the customer under the supervision of developer. This testing is performed at developer’s site.

            Beta test : The beta testing is a testing in which the version of the software is tested by the customer without the developer being present. This testing is performed at customer’s site.

20. What are the various types of system testing?

1. Recovery testing – is intended to check the system’s ability to recover from failures. 

2. Security testing – verifies that system protection mechanism prevent improper penetration or data alteration.                        

3. Stress testing – Determines breakpoint of a system to establish                                                       maximum service level.  

4. Performance testing – evaluates the run time performance of the                                                                     software, especially real-time software.

21. Define debugging.

Debugging is defined as the process of removal of defect. It occurs as a consequence of successful testing.

22. What are the common approaches in debugging?

Brute force method:

 The memory dumps and run-time tracks are examined and program with write statements is loaded to obtain clues to error causes.

Back tracking method:

The source code is examined by looking backwards from symptom to potential causes of errors.

Cause elimination method:

This method uses binary partitioning to reduce the number of locations where errors can exists

23. What is meant by structural testing?

            In structural testing derivation of test cases is according to program structure. Hence knowledge of the program is used to identify additional test cases.

24. What is meant by regression testing?

                                    Regression testing is used to check for defects propagated to other modules by changes made to existing program. Thus, regression testing is used to reduce the side effects of the changes.        

 

25. What is meant by unit testing?

                                    The unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design, the software component or module.